According to DoD Instruction 5040.02, Visual information documentation is defined as “Imagery depicting actual events, activities, phenomena, places, or people, recorded primarily to create a record of the subject matter.” These things that need to be visually documented often take place in conditions where lighting can be a challenge.
There are several techniques you can use with a hot-shoe flash in order to combat challenging lighting conditions. Learning how and when to use each one will help you get the best lighting for every image. Explore these techniques below.
Direct flash is a technique whereby an unaltered flash is pointed directly at the subject. This produces the most powerful light but can wash out the subject and produce harsh shadows. Direct flash is usually the least-preferred technique but may be necessary for some situations where you need powerful, direct light.
Diffused flash is a technique accomplished by placing a diffuser over the flash head to soften the light. A diffuser works by scattering the light, making it look more natural and softening shadows. Use diffused flash anytime you want soft, natural-looking light, indoors or out.
Bounce flash is a technique in which light is bounced off another object — usually a wall or ceiling — and onto the subject. This technique is often the most desired flash technique because it produces the most natural-looking lighting. It is good for portraits, but often difficult to utilize outdoors where bounce surfaces may be limited. Use bounce flash when you need to change the direction of the light to produce more natural results.
Fill flash is a technique that uses a diffuser to enhance or correct the existing natural light in a setting that creates high contrast. Use fill flash outdoors when you need to remove specific shadows, such as from the brim of a hat, or if the entire subject is in a shadow while the background is in direct sunlight. Use fill flash indoors to properly expose a subject that is backlit by a window or open door.